Silver Fiddle

Silver Fiddle Construction 1) Identify potential risks associated with this project. Try to come up with at least five different risks. Now that we have clearly defined the key aspects and variables associated with this project. A brief description of the risks I identified begins with Silver Fiddle’s practice of using subcontractors. * Silver Fiddle routinely subcontracts build work to local subcontractors. As previously discussed, Silver Fiddle is scheduled to build eleven homes this year, and these homes will be built in a local housing market which can be described as â€Å"booming†.Since the Czopek home is scheduled to be built within five months, our concern is that there will be a lack of subcontractors available to work on the home, given the booming housing market and the multiple homes being constructed simultaneously. We feel a well-designed time estimation based upon parametric procedures would help identify when specific subcontractors would be needed, allo wing Silver Fiddle to â€Å"book† each subcontractor for the correct time required in advance. Simply put, parametric procedures are methods of estimating based upon data from past projects.This old data is then used to devise a cost, or in this case, a timeline, which is relevant to the new procedure. This is based upon the similarities between the legacy project data and the current project scope. These similarities are key for parametric procedures to yield accurate estimates. An alternate means of mitigating this risk is to identify a secondary set of subcontractors who are not in the local area and likely to be available during the forecasted time. * The next risk we identified was the possibility of not meeting the five month deadline for completion.We felt this was in part due to a lack of equipment and manpower. Since Silver Fiddle will be completing eleven other homes, the availability of their organic, or in house workers, along with their high-cost, high-use, limit ed availability equipment such as Earth movers, excavators and the like, may be restricted * The availability of building supplies is another risk we feel is relevant to the project. With a number of other homes being built by Silver Fiddle coupled with a brisk housing market comprised of other homes being uilt simultaneously by other builders, a shortage of building materials is a real possibility. Since Silver Fiddle specializes in custom built homes, there is also a possibility that the Czopek have selected their home particulars, such as fixtures and other details from local vendors who may or may not have those items in stock when the time comes to purchase and install them. Other supplies in short demand could be items such as lumber, concrete, plywood, shingles, drywall and other construction materials. * Since Silver Fiddle only employs a bookkeeper part time, we feel this presents an opportunity for risk.Without a full-time bookkeeper, it would be easy for Silver Fiddle to lose track of costs, manpower scheduling and severely impede their ability to monitor the overall progress of the project. Additionally, we feel this could also prevent Silver Fiddle from having real-time evaluation capability of other aspects of the project. * The final significant risk my firm identified is the possibility of not meeting the established budget ceiling of $320,000. There are many variables which we feel could cause the cost of build to exceed the budget.Some of those variables include having to pay a premium for in-demand subcontractors, the cost of buying and shipping materials and/or unique detailed items not locally available, and the rising cost of fuel for heavy construction equipment. Another variable which could cause the project to exceed the budget is scope creep. We feel that developing a responsible time-phased budget along with the establishment of common sense phase gates would help reduce unexpected costs and ensure the project remained on track finan cially. ) Use a risk assessment matrix similar to figure 7. 4 to analyze identified risks. The risk assessment form at Figure 1 provides a graphic representation of the risks we previously introduced and identified. Although in our previous discussion, we provided detailed information about each risk, the risk assessment form includes additional information on our evaluation of the likelihood and impact of each risk. Figure 1. Risk Assessment Form Risk Event| Likelihood| Impact| Detection Difficulty|Lack of preferred subcontractors| 3| 4| 2| Exceeding five month deadline| 4| 2| 2| Lack of available building supplies| 2| 3| 1| Inadequate oversight due to bookkeeper continuity| 4| 4| 1| Exceeding the budget| 2| 4| 1| In reviewing the likelihood and impact data from Figure 1, it is clear we feel that it is very likely that the project will exceed the five month deadline and, without proactive measures now, inadequate oversight will result from the current bookkeeper arrangement.The hig h likelihood we assign to exceeding the time limit is due to a great number of variables upon which the construction time is dependent. Should any one of these variables, such as lack of personnel, key equipment, supplies, etc. become problematic, it would impact other dependent variables, ultimately causing the project to exceed the deadline. Additionally, the customers have already expressed their preference to extend the deadline if it means a cost savings, and that is another scenario which may impact the completion date.The fact that the customer has given approval for extending the due date in favor of saving money demonstrates that a firm deadline is not a major consideration for the customer and is the reason we assign an impact factor of 2 for this event. On the other hand, we assigned a likelihood factor of 2 to exceeding the budget since we feel the budget will be scrutinized over the life of the build, reducing the likelihood that it will become an issue, and an impact f actor of 4 due to its importance to the customer.We assigned a likelihood factor of 4 to inadequate project oversight due to lack of a full-time bookkeeper. We also assigned an impact factor of 4 to this risk event as well, since lack of fiscal oversight would render it nearly impossible to monitor and curb costs, which is a priority of the customers. 3) Develop a risk response matrix similar to figure 7. 7 to outline how would deal with each of the risks. Let’s review our risk response matrix, located at Figure 2. This matrix provides responses and contingency plans for each risk event. Figure 2. Risk Response MatrixRisk Event| Response| Contingency Plan| Trigger | Who is Responsible| Lack of preferred subcontractors| Use parametric procedures to design a time estimation schedule| Use an alternate set of contractors from outside the local area| Subcontractors report they are unavailable for the project| Project manager| Exceeding five month deadline| Use resource leveling to smooth resource allocation and use heuristics| Lease equipment and operators| Resource leveling efforts are unsuccessful at smoothing allocations| Project manager| Lack of available building supplies| Advance purchase and store known needed supplies| Source multiple vendors for detailed items for customer wants| Should be done immediately| Construction foreman| Inadequate oversight due to bookkeeper continuity| Make current, part-time bookkeeper a full-time employee| Hire another bookkeeper to augment current bookkeeper’s hours| Should be done immediately| Office manager| Exceeding the budget| Develop a time-phased budget| Develop and implement project phase gates| Upon completion of project scope| Project manager| In evaluating each risk, we have done our best to not only develop a common sense response action in the event each risk occurs, but also to identify an emergency contingency plan for each risk event as well. Additionally, we have identified â€Å"trigger† events, or events which would indicate response actions and/or contingency plans should be implemented. Finally, we have assigned responsibility for the monitoring or each risk and the implementation of the response plans.

Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay

The sub-Saharan Africa has been recognized internationally for the poverty which has taken a longer duration. This long duration of poverty in the Sub-Saharan, has been existing as a result of various issues, among which is the low sources of income. The persistence poverty has led to the people poor health status as well as poor living standards among other basic necessities. Various limitations have enhanced a continuous poverty in the world, and to be more specific in Sub-Saharan Africa, and causing problems in trials to help the situation. Among these limitations is critical threshold which involves the financial sources and savings of the Sub-Saharan countries, the dysfunctional institutions, and neighborhood effects, among others. All these limitations equally participate in the persistence poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa lies on the bottom when compared to other continent in terms of wealth, and this has been influenced a lot by the Africa’s low national savings. The national savings are determined by the domestic finance, and the effects of domestic finances have direct impact on national savings. Sub-Saharan Africa has low national savings because of their domestic finance is too little to support a good capital for individual workers in the Sub-Saharan Africa. This is because the workforce is high compared to the savings, thus creating a gap between the amount necessary to sustain the workers and the available amount. This has contributed a lot in the persistence of the poverty, because their has been an increase in the sources of labor, thus distributing the available low capital to the many workers leads to workers getting very little, and this has led also to the depreciation of capital. Efforts to solve this has been made by reducing the number of skilled workers and increasing their capital in terms of salary, but it has not been able to help, because when few people work, it means many people will have no source of capital, thus relying on the small working population, which increases the ratio of dependants and consuming a lot of the capital gained from the salaries, thus leaving nothing to be saved. This shows that the poverty traps can be over jumped in education if various individuals increases scales in cost of education in relating to skills premiums and household income. Poor economy in Sub-Saharan countries has been influenced a lot by the minimal education attainment. According to statistics, the dependant’s ratio in Sub-Saharan Africa is high around 0. 9 dependants per individual worker, with 88 percent of the dependants being young children with the age of less than fifteen years. The labor force growth has also been limited by the HIV and AIDS epidemic which has being continuously affecting the Sub-Saharan Africa, thus lowering the number of the skilled workers in the continent, who are expected to be providing labor for the continent. The low domestic savings has been evidenced by the ratio between Gross national savings and Gross national income, and this was 17% according to 2003 estimate by the World Bank. When these Sub-Saharan Africa countries are compared with the middle low income countries, the Sub Saharan African countries position lies behind all other because their net national savings is low, as a result of depreciation of their fixed capital, due to low investments and lack of replacement of the capital stock, thus continuous aging of the stock which enhances the depreciation of the stock’s value. According to the table below, it is clear that the national savings of Sub-Saharan countries in Africa is small to sustain the net increase in capital stock As a result of the poverty, the people in Sub-Saharan countries have dedicated the small income to the primary basic need, and especially consumption for their survival. This means that these people give consumption a priority, and since nothing is left after consumption, they end up not having anything to save. This explains why it’s hard for the sub-Saharan countries continue being inside the poverty traps. Many people in the Sub-Saharan Africa do not have investment opportunities, bearing in mind that an investment has the ability to create its own savings; this becomes inapplicable to these people because the investments which are expected to create the savings are not available. For example after an interview to a Kenyan, one of the Sub-Saharan citizens, around twenty percent of the Kenyan citizens have a title deed, showing that the remaining eighty percent have no ownership to land. Despite the fact that land is one of the major investment which many industrialized and developed countries account on, in their case, very few people own lands thus they cannot have any savings from land. (Pollin 2002). This means that there are low savings, savings are major sources of loans and sources of starting capital, thus in the case of Sub-Saharan countries, it is very hard to put capital into accumulation, due to lack of starting capital. Unlike the East Asian countries which have low income, the Sub-Saharan countries lack long term investments which can continuously produce new sources of savings and actual savings. Despite the East Asian’s low income, they have long term productive investments which help in sourcing savings, thus promoting both domestic and national savings which eradicates poverty, leaving a minimal need of foreign aids. The Sub-Saharan growth has been varying, thus causing growth instability. Only few of the Sub-Saharan countries had a standard growth rate, lower than the aggregate growth rate of the total countries. This instability has resulted from poor trade within and across the continent, due to lack of trade goods. The Sub-Saharan weather has a role in determining the agricultural output, since many of the countries rely on farming as a major source of income, and the variable weather in the countries has affecting agriculture greatly which has led to growth instability and the chronic poverty. Institutions lack finances they cannot monetize or mobilize domestic savings. As at 2003, the Banking sector credit was seventy three percent when expressed as a ration of GPD, compared to forty three percent in the low income countries. The table below gives the statistics which clearly shows that the productive private investment are rarely financed in Sub-Saharan countries and these investments need to be financed well to ensure that they have a positive impact on both domestic and national savings. Many trials have been made to stop the poverty in the Sub-Saharan Africa, whereby the strategies have always based eradication of poverty on the need for greater ambitions of the affected people, development of growth oriented strategies and a greater accumulation of long term capital. With this then growth can be increased, domestic savings as well as national savings. The trials have being hindered by an ideological mindset monetary policy and restrictive fiscal as these go contrary to the rapid economic growth that is necessary in Africa. This has been as a result of lack of any usable theory on how to promote a process which can sustain itself in relation to capital accumulation. This is because with a source of rapid capital that can be accumulated rapidly, then the Sub-Saharan countries to be able to involve in domestic and national savings as well as financing the private sectors as a result of savings amplification and financial liberalization which can decrease the poverty experienced in these countries. The poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa can be minimized by implementing strategies and policies to ensure that the growth rate in stabilized, ensuring that domestic resources are mobilized in a way that they can accelerate to thus accumulating capital, and balancing the ratio between capital and total output. To achieve this the public investment need to be put into working to ensure that public revenue are increased and to offer loans which maximizes the productive capacity of the economic, with a development which is long term. Tax policy should also ensure that the public revenue is in a rate that can enhance self-sustaining process proper revenue laws. The countries in Sub-Saharan countries are very low compared to industrialized countries, showing the reason for continuous low income and poor growth. The financial policy is necessary in mobilization of domestic savings. The policy ensures that the savings and external private financing are changed into long term investments which can easily and flexibly produce enhancing a continuous domestic and national savings. Monetary policies help in determining and regulating the inflation rates. The low rates are good for economic growth while high rates interfere with the interest of the poor thus limiting economic growth. However to eradicate poverty from the Sub-Saharan Africa, an average rate is more appropriate because very low rate slows the economic development while limiting employment, and very high rates can also have a negative impact on the poor countries economy. The poverty traps in the Sub-Saharan countries can be over jumped if all the above can be done, because a mass investment will definitely increase the Sub-Saharan productivity. (Bauer. 2000). This is because, the productivity will raise the output and this decreases the cost of each unit produced thus this can easily start up a chain which can positively reinforce the investment while reducing the costs. This clearly shows that to overcome poverty in Sub-Saharan countries each individual has to work hard, either individually as groups to ensure that the poverty is eradiated, since poverty never entraps anybody, but with no efforts to work against it, the Sub-Saharan countries can persistently live in it. Hard work is necessary not only to overcome poverty but also to maintain wealth since being lazy encourages poverty trapping. Dysfunctional institutions are developed as a result of the forces from politics and or the social interaction of various people in society or communities. These can entrap the people in the pockets of poverty. In Sub-Saharan countries, the poverty is influenced a lot by these institutions which make inequality in power and wealth. This is because these institution directly shapes the countries economy and since most of these institution in Sub-Saharan Africa have facilitated in the insecurity of the property rights. These institutions include public schools and public goods. The poor property rights in Sub-Saharan countries have led to the low income and subsequent low income, thus persistently poor citizens. These institutions are involved with unequal divisions of products of social activities. Individuals on these countries are expected to adhere to the institutions status, and in most of the population of these individuals they refuse to rely on the status. The institutions enhance self enforcing conventions but it becomes very difficult for the poor people to have a control and to monitor the necessary collective action to shift the population in these countries from the state of inequality to equality. This is the reason why you will see that despite the fact that some countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa are rich in wealth, the amount of savings in the country will not be used to help the poor countries from their worst state, but rather the income will continue to yield more and more for the rich countries. The poor ends up becoming poorer while get richer. On the other hand, some of the institutions in the poor Sub-Saharan Africa have corrupt institutions which are either social or political institution. (De Soto2002.) To sort out the inequality issues, both collective actions are necessary to enhance motivation of every individual in the country against the traps of poverty. This collective action can be motivated using good public institutions, and thus if the Sub-Saharan countries can effectively make use of these institutions, in a collective action of each citizen in the poor countries, then the inequality levels can be minimized and shifted to equality whereby all members can easily over jump the traps of poverty. In Sub-Saharan countries, the better off countries like South Africa and Nigeria among others can help a lot in eradicating the chronic poverty in the region if they can engage in cross countries equality promotion because their income is higher than the other countries thus equality can be achieved by collectively acting against inequality and poverty in general. In Sub-Saharan countries there is high inequality, where by instead of saving, the income wealth is wastefully consumed. Some countries also in the Sub-Saharan Africa are major net creditors, besides being heavily indebted. Boyce and Ndikumana 2000). The government of the country acts as a net debtor with the country being net creditor, meaning that some of these country end up investing their wealth outside the continent, thus not taking any role in eradicating of poverty in their own continent, but leading other countries in the continent to more and worse poverty status. An example to clarify this is dated back between the year 1970 and 1996, when a cumulative capital flight of around twenty five of Sub-Saharan countries was US$28. billion which was 1. 6 the continents total stock of external debts The social customs have played a role in the persistent of the poverty in Sub-Saharan countries. This is because the social customs are set by the society for every individual in the society to follow, without questioning. This means that despite the fact that a certain custom in the country can have an impact in the poverty persistence; all individual ought to without failure. This has encouraged poverty persistence giving no room to eradicate poverty. If anybody tends to deviate from the custom to enhance generation of income, he or she might never get the freedom to be in the society or to relate with other people in the society, and in many cases, the people who go against the social customs are regarded as outcasts in the society. This is usually associated with many disadvantages in the society, thus many people will prefer moving as per the custom for their safety. These traditional institutions have effects in the market place of many Sub-Saharan countries, and this has facilitated the persistent poverty in the region. The Neighborhood effects limit the poverty eradication in Sub-Saharan Africa. These effects include the aspirations role models or the network within various families and communities in the country. (Lal 2002). This is because the Sub-Saharan countries cost various individuals who differ in terms of social economic environment, thus various beliefs and preferences. Various social economic groups have different influence and this leads to various outcomes. Persistent inequality continuous to exist as a result of role model influence peer effect and other group related factors. Bauer 2000). When various groups of children grow up in any society, they usually grow up getting aspiration from their role models either in education or development. However in cases where there are no role models who exist in the neighborhood then the developing generation develops up with poor aspiration and for example there is a lack of role model in business and economics, then the developing generation e nd to have poor market, and labor aspirations, and this definitely causes poor income sources as well as poor labor production thus poverty. The poor aspirations are then transmitted to subsequent generation, causing persistent poverty in the region. The cycle gets repeat on and on because these children grow to form new neighborhood with each generation and this explains why the poverty becomes persistent. Groups influences determines individual outcome, various policies need to be established to ensure that charters are developed as well as magnet schools. These policies should be incorporated into public policies in order to enhance opportunity equality concentrated poverty undermines the community’s processes, thus explaining the reasons why poverty continuously get reproduced in a society. Poverty traps thus are the results of various factors such as economy production scales, political and economic institutions whose work is poor, the incomplete financial markets and the social customs. Due to the factors complexity and diversity, it’s thus hard to policy which can work against the chronic poverty. To help this various policies are to be involved, though designing them becomes a challenge. Various conventional methods have been used to measure the poverty traps. These models include: growth model, where we have the Solow model and AK model. The growth accounting in these models is not accurate, and the National income accounts data over estimates the Africa’s actual savings. Despite the fact that low technology and low savings have led to low levels of development, the conventional models used to determine this are neither accurate, nor consistent. It therefore means that despite the fact that various individuals may put a lot of effort to ensure that they are out of the poverty traps, a lot holds them back, thus they cannot individually jump over these traps, unless they collectively unite and act. This becomes a challenge since other factors within the countries and communities blocks the individuals.

The Chernobyl disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Chernobyl disaster - Essay Example There were economic, technological and political factors alongside the almost complete lack of effective health and safety measures were highly evident causes of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Indeed despite its then status as a military superpower in the mid 1980s the Soviet Union had serious problems that the Chernobyl nuclear disaster amply demonstrated. By the mid 1980s the Stalinist era economic planning and one party political systems of the Soviet Union were beginning to show their age and their propensity for economic failure, administrative inefficiency, and declining political legitimacy. More ominously the Soviet Union’s outdated industries were a danger both to its own people, other countries, as well as the environment. The strain of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and a renewed a nuclear arms race with the United States were not taken by the stagnant economy (White, 1990). The main economic and political institutions as well as it systems dated back to the infrastructure constructed by Stalin in the late1920s and the 1930s. The collectivisation of agriculture and industrialisation had been achieved at great human cost, with political obedience and loyalty to the Communists counting for more than efficiency or ability to do their jobs (James, 2003 p. 53). When such an approach was typical of the managers and the workers of nuclear power stations it was always a potential cause of accidents. The Soviet Union had suffered horrendous losses during the Second World War which were partially compensated by the gaining of satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the desire to prevent itself being invaded ever again (James, 2003 p. 301). Yet the onset of the Cold War meant that the Soviet Union took undue risk in both its civil and its military nuclear programmes in order to generate electricity and make atomic weapons as quickly as possible. Undue risks that

Finance and Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance and Accounting - Assignment Example The customers are seen as resources with which firms are able to create a solution that takes into consideration the needs of the customers and solve the issues and problems (Jacob & Rettinger, n.d). Service Dominant Logic Executing on the new perspective, the service dominant logic is a hyper active and a competitive market place. Old ways of performing things along with the entrenched habits tends to die slowly creating challenge for firms across the globe. It will not be taken as surprise if the biggest resistance or barriers occur from marketing perspectives which are built around the traditional concept of marketing mix. In many aspect marketing has failed as it had little control over the 4Ps. The concept of traditional marketing mix is not accurate for future use due to rise in competition and global change in the environment and therefore model of interaction has taken over model of separation through S-D logic (Lusch & Vargo, n.d) With S-D logic, customers has the ability to become a part of inbound marketing by way of using the competencies and skills to help produce a product which forms a part of core offerings for the customers. In such situation, the customers tend to take part on the marketing programs. For example IKEA, customers has helped in the production of furniture by assembling the final parts of it. In case of Dell computers, the customers can form a part of dell team which helps the team to discover new and exciting products to satisfy the needs and wants of the customers. In ALDI, customers are the part of retail staff as they select the merchandise and also cater it to the store (Lusch & Vargo, 2009). Situation where I have involved myself in the coproduction of value is in the process of buying a car. Purchasing a car is an example of lack of power of the consumers in the real world. Before associating me with S-D logic, the normal process was to visit a dealer show room where uninformed of model appears, performance of comparative p roduct, level of availability of product, financing, and the market value of the car. And even after the purchase of the car, customers are still unaware of the fact that whether they were able to achieve the real value for money spends on purchasing the car. Thus based on the analysis, I decided to check the net which tends to provide the prospective car buyers with every minute detail which are required by the customers. I have made use of the innovative web service, Edmunds.com which provides the prospective customers with complete specification of each and every model of cars along with additional features that can be fitted into the car. This process have allowed dealers to enter the decision making process but at a later stage which has further allowed me to take the entire decision. Therefore information about dealers cost and other information have made it clear that whether the great deal for me is really that great. Thus finally purchased a car from Edmunds.com and not fro m the showroom dealers which have helped me to contribute in the decision making process (Pitt, et al, 2002). With the emerging process of S-D logic, the brand tends to face major challenges and thus to incorporate with the ongoing challenges, markets should provide them with strategies such as, providing ample information regarding the product and the services in the web through which the customers

Racial Profiling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racial Profiling - Research Paper Example This kind of behavior originates from fear of apprehension in response to minute crimes as expatriates belonging to above-mentioned nations, are well aware of the fact that they will be interrogated first with relation to any legal disturbance (Dauglas, Ressler and Burgess 421). In short, expatriates are much more fearful and careful in following the laws in order to invade the possibility of an arrest and prostitution. Based on the above argument, the enforcement agencies are suggested to follow evidence to win a conviction rather than considering racial profiling as the only beacon. The existing literature will be analyzed in the coming section. Literature Review Racial Profiling is a concept that is based on categorizing several ethnic groups against their ability and tendency to commit a certain type of crime for instance the whites are considered as top candidates of white collar crimes such as money laundering (Weitzer and Tuch 435). But, forensic investigators are motivated to follow evidence instead of profiling because; classifying races with respect to their ability to involve in a crime is self-alluding at times. Therefore, evidence is the only mean that could partially counteract the biasness caused by profiling. Furthermore, profiling causes law enforcers to suffer from tunnel vision, which pushes them to identify an innocent person as a suspect in a murder investigation, based on the fact that he or she belongs to a race that is famous for killing people. However, this kind of investigations and interrogations can lead to legal disasters. Profiling on the other hand, could be used as a mechanism of narrowing down the suspect list but, evidence based thinking must be supported in Police, so that innocent people could be protected from false conviction and imprisonment. It is also worth mentioning that long term profiling is identified as breach of privacy but, it can be practiced to foster national security and it is sanctioned by Patriot Act that explicitly allow law enforcement agencies to take any person (who can pose a threat to national security) under surveillance. In case of local crimes, the Police department must follow the triangle made up of motive, ability and opportunity as a mean of apprehending criminals. Moreover, the nature of local crimes differs from those of international ones because, in the case of former type, few radical groups are found to be engaged in certain criminal activities. But, in case of international crimes, global terrorist organizations are notorious for using new faces to achieve their goals. In the light of above argument, profiling could be applied in solving local crimes because, the people belonging to various criminal groups, could be sorted out, with respect to their ability to commit a certain type of crime, while prior convictions and allegations also help in this regard. Nevertheless, the application of profiling becomes limited in counteracting threat to national security there fore; more intensive and detailed investigational methods should be used when fighting international crimes. The agencies that are working against international terrorism, must keep a close watch on people with violent attitudes and thoughts, whereas they are also suggested to conduct detailed interrogations of people with

Issues in Global Business Burberry 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues in Global Business Burberry 2012 - Essay Example Small portion of the study discusses the impact of Profit before Tax on strategic buyback decision of Burberry. The company needs to expand their global franchise operation in order to decrease value chain cost. The study will focus on globalization strategy of Burberry Group plc in terms of retail distribution network. Report shows that direct control strategy of the company will help them to push total market capitalization in near future. Hybrid matrix structure of Procter and Gamble has been recommended for future growth Burberry Group. Hybrid matrix diagram will help the company to set up strategic business units in Asia and Latin America. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Case Statement 4 Strategy Analysis 5 Financial Perspective 5 Leverage Control 6 International Growth Strategy 8 SWOT Analysis 8 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 9 Strategic Theme 11 Conclusion 11 Recommendation 12 Reference 14 Burberry Burberry Group plc is a renowned global luxury brand. The company i s headquartered at London, England. Burberry Group plc was established by Thomas Burberry in the year 1856. The brand specializes in offering apparel and leather goods. Burberry Group plc offers products through diversified distribution network complemented by retail channel, wholesale, licensing channel and digital platform. The company has achieved a total revenue growth of 7% in the year 2011. Burberry has created a digital platform named as â€Å"Burberry World Live† in order to enhance their web visibility. Intraday market capitalization of the London based company is $5.3 billion while they maintain a profit margin of 12.1 % on category sales (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Case Statement Burberry Group plc has recently announced that they will directly operate in beauty and fragrance category. The company has no plan to continue license relationship with their partner Interparfums SA. Fragrance and beauty has been categorized as fifth product division for Burberry Group. The ot her four categories are accessories, women apparel, men apparel and children apparel. Angela Ahrendts (Chief Executive Officer of Burberry Group plc) has stated that they took the decision of direct control in order to achieve greater control over product portfolio of fragrance and beauty category. The CEO believes that the company has significant opportunities to drive growth from fragrance and beauty products and the move will also leverage infrastructure & upward integration of value chain. Direct operation of the company for fragrance and beauty categories will start from 1 April 2013. Burberry Group took the decision for following strategic objectives. Achieving greater brand control Increase penetration in opening price point categories The company will pay all total Euro 181 million for ending license relationship and ?71m of total amount will be used for recognising exceptional items The London based company will earn a adjusted profit before tax or PBT in financial year 201 3/14 and from FY 2014/15 the PBT will accelerate Retail and wholesale contribute 90% of total business for the company hence they will design diversified retail channels for their fifth product category (Burberry Group plc, 2012) Strategy Analysis Burberry has purchased the perfumes selling license from Interparfums SA by paying ?142m. Stock analysts believe that the company is pushing harder in the perfume and cosmetic segment in order to

Arbitration Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arbitration - Case Study Example Instead the allegations made against him were presented at that time. It would be interesting to determine who crossed his name out - assuming that this occurred - and why. If the claimant's allegations are proven to be true then it would appear that there has been a conspiracy to remove him from the company. How high up the conspiracy would go is not clear, but on the face of things would appear to involve the manager on duty that day since the work schedule has been defaced, and this has not been queried (at least not as far as one can tell, based upon the article). Since the article does not give the company's side of the dispute it is difficult to gauge the veracity of the claimant's account. However, clearly they feel there is a case to be answered since they are prepared to go to arbitration. The greatest difficulty the manager has in this situation is obtaining a truthful account of what happened. The claimant did not seek his line manager's advice at the time that he alleges he saw his name crossed out. Nor would it appear that until matters had reached a head did the claimant make any allegations of discrimination or unfair treatment from his colleagues. Assuming that I was aware of the tensions brewing in the kitchen my first priority would have been to prevent an escalation of the matter. Clearly there is at least one person in the organisation who does not respect other members of staff, namely the person who the claimant alleges swore at him. Had I been made aware of this I would have given the offender a verbal warning, and made it clear that no-one comes to work to have their self-esteem undermined. Depending on how wide spread such behaviour appeared to be I would also initiate a round of anti-discrimination continuing professional development classes, focusing particularly upon the issues in our specific workplace. Also it would appear that there is a shortage of staff in the kitchen or at least under employment of some members of staff and over employment of others - namely the claimant. This suggests that a time and motion study needs to be undertaken to ensure that there are sufficient hands on deck, and that employees are able to complete the tasks in order to keep the business functioning. 3. this is a union situation and has moved to arbitration. recognizing your chracteristics, what method of dispute resolution would you take yo could agree it should go to arbitration or should have been dealt with differantly. you may choose which ever way you want. however you must explain why you choose this method of resolution from teh union and why or why not, what would be the worst method Although arbitration is less expensive than a full industrial tribunal, I would opt for an in-house resolution, the primary reason being to reduce negative publicity. Not only is there a grievance matter here, there may also be a disciplinary issue. I would be tempted to return to the drawing board and exhaust our internal systems prior to handing it over to

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Legal Environment of Business - Essay Example Some of the major cost that is to be paid by the company while launching IPO includes expenses that are incurred for legal services, underwriter’s commission, printing costs, accounting services and personal marketing. Other legal factors include the loss of control, flexibility and confidentiality as all the necessary regulations are governed by SEC after the company gets publicly limited. Dilution of ownership results in disgruntling management. From economic point of view, the company faces a lot of pressure from the unsteady and unstable position of the economy of a country. When any news regarding the company is revealed on media, it impacts the IPO or share price of the company. Company also faces pressure to maintain and enhance its quarterly earnings as the public invests by verifying the financial position of the company. Several other economic and legal factors affect the company’s decisions while launching IPO. It is necessary to keep all the information into account as any discrepancy can lead to a discounted price of share. Labour Laws and Employment Labour laws can be defined as those laws and regulations that are defined for the employees in order to protect their rights from employer retaliation and reporting the violations to the legitimate authorities. Employment and labour policies are shaped by the countries in which they operate. However, in most of the countries the employment and labour laws are based mainly on the international standards. Due to this reason, companies do not get much influenced by the labour laws and policies. Yet, it has a certain amount of influence because the laws and policies are not precisely same. Some major criteria that labour laws of every country follow include: Freedom of assembly and speech Protection of right to sue Dues, Fees, Initiation and Assessment When companies start to expand domestically and internationally, they face some sort of discrepancies. As a company grow, the employee policy manual must grow with it. Simply being aware of what is right or wrong is not enough. Implementing these practices is also vital for the healthy growth of the companies. Fredman (1997) provided comprehensive study on the importance of labour laws in the dynamic and fast changing world. The study provided different perspective of modifications in labour law as per the changing economic and social condition of the country. Should the labour law be refashioned while protecting the worker’s right or should it be flexible enough by removing the employment protection? In my mind, it all depends upon the condition of the economy of a country and the extent to which it allows labour right protection and employee’s rights. Globalization has caused many companies to expand their business domestically and internationally. Without doing so, it is not possible to for the companies to compete with other companies. Brussels (2006) in his report mentioned the ways of â€Å"modernisin g the labour laws for the 21st centuries†. He stated that the traditional model is not suitable for all workers for adapting change and utilizing the opportunities that are offered by globalization. (Modernizing the labour laws for the 21st centuries, 2006) A report named as â€Å"The employment relationship: Overview of challenges and opportunities, (2006)† showed employment and labour law challenges faced by the company while expanding internationally and domestically. The profound changes that occurred in the work world especially in the labour

Project Management 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Management 2 - Essay Example ts should have a MSc degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology or a related field, they should have at least ten years relevant experience in leading technology applications, manage and operation of a research program, They should have knowledge of next generation sequencing strategies and methods working with molecular diagnostics of plants as well as animal pathogens. The one who gets to qualify for the job should also be knowledgeable in the following fields of study namely; application of genomic tools in a wide range of issues, molecular biology methods of research, tools of molecular biology and technology of bioinformatics. Adaptability is necessary for one to get the job. They should be ready to learn and adapt to new technology and methods that will enhance program effectiveness and learning. They will be working in a multicultural multiracial environment and they will be expected to respect and work effectively and efficiently with their colleagues. They should be have the ability to coordinate ,organize and see to completion technical activities of research platforms, they should have excellent people and organizational skills, have a good mastery of English both written and spoken and lastly they ought to be computer

Erasmus vs Luther; Discourse on Free

Erasmus vs Luther; Discourse on Free Will Essay The Erasmus-Luther Discourse on Free Will begins with the Diatribe concerning free will, written by Erasmus. Luther then refutes Erasmus Diatribe with The Bondage of the Will. The question being debated is whether man is in control of his own will, or whether everything is preordained by God, thus leaving man without free will. Their diverging philosophies have been interpreted as being the basic difference between Catholic and Protestant positions regarding free will. This debate offers two very conflicting views, although both philosophies were basic principles in their respective religions. Erasmus builds his argument without a solid foundation; like building a house without a foundation, it can easily crumble. Thus, Luther convincingly attacks Erasmus Diatribe. Erasmus holds that man is left with the choice of doing either good or evil. It is mans choice and therefore, free will exists. In the opinion of Erasmus, the freedom of the will in Holy Scriptures is as follows: if on the road to piety, one should continue eagerly to improve; if one has become involved in sin, one should make every effort to extricate oneself, and to solicit the mercy of the Lord. Two conclusions concerning Erasmus beliefs can be drawn from this statement; firstly that man can himself find repentance and secondly that God is infallible, meaning that a person engages in evil acts with his own will. The definition of free will given by Erasmus is the power of the human will whereby man can apply to or turn away from that which leads unto eternal salvation. While addressing the topic of Adam and Eve, Erasmus states, In man, will was so good and so free that even without additional grace it could have remained in a state of innocence, though not without help of grace could it attain the blessedness of eternal life, as the Lord Jesus promised his people. Erasmus, therefore, believes eternal salvation is attainable with the help and mercy of God, but Erasmus also believes that Adam and Eve caused man to have original sin. Erasmus goes on to write, In those without extraordinary grace the reason is darkened, but not extinguished. Probably the same occurs to the power of the will: it is not completely extinct but unproductive of virtuous deeds. In short Erasmus believed that man has free will and therefore is punished or rewarded according to the choices he makes. He backs his argument with many quotes from the scripture but so does Luther, thus the argument shifts, and the sense of scripture is the debate. Luther, who wrote The Bondage of the Will to refute what Erasmus had written in the Diatribe, disagrees; stating that man does not have freedom of the will. In the first few pages, Luther proclaims The Holy Scripture is no skeptic, and what He has written into our hearts are no doubts or opinions, but assertions more certain and more firm that all human experience in life itself. Furthermore, he goes on to say The essence of Christianity which you (Erasmus) describe is without Christ, without the Spirit, and chillier than ice Luther immediately implies that Erasmus has not been saved. Luther abhors those who claim to be self-reformers, once again contradicting Erasmus. You say: Who will reform his life? I answer: Nobody! No man can! God has no time for you self-reformers, for they are all hypocrites. The elect who fear God will be reformed by the Holy Spirit. Perhaps the quote that best exemplifies Luthers position is as follows: Thus the human will is like the beast of burden. If God rides it, it wills and goes whence God wills; as the Psalm says, I was a beast of burden before thee (Psalm 72:22) If Satan rides, it wills and goes where Satan wills. Nor may it choose to which rider it will run, nor which it will seek. But the riders themselves contend who shall have and hold it. This philosophy contends that both good and evil are worked by a higher being. Both authors in this work make reference to Judas and his betrayal of Christ. Both parties acknowledge the foreknowledge of God, but Luther proclaims that God willed it. Thus the Protestant faith grew on the principles of predestination and the absolute belief that the scriptures are to be interpreted literally. At no point does Luther ever stray from the central point of his refutation, proving Erasmus wrong by presenting the conclusive evidence needed. Erasmus, on the other hand, never really plants his feet in this argument. Erasmus covers his tracks by changing the terms of the debate throughout his work. For example, Erasmus fails to define the limits within which the reader should think that the will is being acted upon. One can not conclude that Erasmus does not fully believe what he states in his Diatribe, but he admittedly discloses I have always preferred playing the freer field of the muses, than fighting ironclad in close combat. Erasmus proclaims that their debate is in the sense of scripture, yet how can one who defends free will pigeonhole the interpretation of the reader? Luther is much more direct in laying out his arguments and criticizes Erasmus for stating a bare definition without explaining its parts. The debate has very much become a personal matter by the time Luthers discourse commences. There is no mutual agreement whatsoever, thus it is easy to see why the views of Catholics and Protestants were so divergent. Erasmus is clearly trying to convince his readers, most particularly Luther, that free will does indeed exist. Luther continues to stay his course and states that God wills all. Everything is preordained, evil included. Of the assertions, Luther simply states one must delight in assertions to be a Christian at all! While Erasmus seems leery to take a firm stance in his debate, he is changing the circumstances of the debate, which clearly is an attempt to prevent Luther from pinning him down in Luthers The Bondage of the Will. After thoroughly refuting everything Erasmus has stated, Luther proclaims that Erasmus has asserted nothing but made comparisons . Whether there be complete merit in either mans philosophy, Luther has quite convincingly made Erasmus position appear flawed.

Justify the methods and processes

Justify the methods and processes This chapter covers the research methodology and purpose of this chapter is to justify the methods and process which are examined while the research is carried out. It consists of process model, research approach, research design, research method, data collection etc. Data Collection Research Approach Research Design Literature Review Research Questions Formulation Research Undertaking Primary Secondary Inductive Deductive Explanatory Exploratory Descriptive Semi-Structured Open ended Interview Semi Structured Questionnaires Data Analysis Results/Conclusion Source: Authors Qualitative Approach The given figure outlines the research methodology which is being carried out during the research process. It shows how authors will continue their research process. The research undertaking is related to incorporation of CSR in two leading MNC, s in telecommunication sector. It will focus on three main areas of research named as describing CSR, integrating CSR and monitoring CSR. Several research questions will be prepared on the basis of knowledge and experience and the basic aim of these questions is to analyze the CSR activities in telecommunication sector. The literature review will be made by comparing different articles in the relevant field which will give a new insight. The research is presenting a framework for developing, collecting and analyzing the data. Different research strategies such as exploratory, descriptive and explanatory are used for research objectives and authors will go with descriptive research strategy which is connecting to inductive research approach fr om observations to theory. The data will collect on primary and secondary basis by semi structured open ended interview and questionnaires. The research design shows that the data will be analyzed and concluded through qualitative research approach. First, regarding the objectivity of the thesis the authors believe that the results may first be subjected to the personal judgment and may not be valid over a long period of time because industry is constantly changed over the time. These results may also not be applicable to other markets or other geographic regions except the Pakistani markets. As the authors have no specific knowledge about Pakistani market so they decided to carry the exploratory research. The research described in this thesis has been designed and carried out in context of master level education and rules, regulation, instruction and academic requirements set by the supervisor and the Karlstad University. The main objective of the research is to investigate the dimensions of the problems which are being analyzed in the previous chapter and to draw the valuable results from the research and to help the authors to build up a good understanding and to have a deep insight into the previous study. 2.1. Inductive and Deductive Research Approach: Inductive research approach works more specific to more general (Trochim, 2006). Sometimes it called bottom up approach. In this type of theory, researchers begin with observation, detect some patterns, formulate some hypothesis and finally end with developing a theory. While on the other hand, Deductive approach works in other way, it moves from broader generalization to more specifications. Informally it is called top-down approach. In this approach the researcher start with thinking up a theory about the topic and area of interest or area of research. Then researchers narrow down it and develop a hypothesis about particular topic which they want to test. After that they do the examination on the hypothesis. Finally and ultimately this leads to the confirmation of data, either it confirms the original theory or not Theory Hypothesis Pattern Observation INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE Observation Pattern Hypothesis Theory Source: Authors 2.2. Research approach used: In this study authors will use inductive approach as we start with the observation related to problem which is being analyzed in problem discussion session. Authors will use CSR dimensions which are describing, integrating and monitoring. In general, this study is not developing a model or any type of theory somewhat the theories are narrow down to tackle a specific problem. 2.2.1. Unit of Analysis: It is one of the most important ideas in the research project. Unit of analysis is a main entity that the researchers want to analyze in their study. It will be individual unit of analysis which will base on two leading organizations from telecommunication sectors of Pakistan and we will compare the results and variations between units. 2.3. Research Methods: In order to solve a problem, different researcher use systematic and orderly collected data for the purpose of getting information from them (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005). Yin (1994) and Zikmund (2000) proposed three different purposes of research labeled as exploratory, descriptive and explanatory. Exploratory studies are fantastic mean to find out what is happening, to ask for new imminent and to ask questions. Robson (1993) mentioned that in order to clarification and understanding the problem, exploratory studies are valuable mean. Descriptive studies describe inside the problem areas regarding to the literature and the purpose is to study the current events. It purpose is to find out the answers of what, who, how, when, where questions (Zikmund 2000). This theory usually correlates the previous knowledge and understanding the nature of research problems. Explanatory studies make the relationship between the variables. The purpose of this study is to emphasis on the events and problems in order to explain the relationship between the interrelated variables. 2.3.1 Quantitative Research: According to Cresswell (1998), the quantitative research can be defined as an inquiry into social and human problems based on testing a theory composed on the variable, measures with numbers and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalization of the theory hold true. Above definition mentioned that this theory concern with the statistical data and the transformation of data into figures and graphs. The transformation of the data can be achieved by using SPSS software to get the result of correlation between two factors/variables. This type of research makes large number of units into small amount of information. 2.3.2 Qualitative Research: According to Cresswell (1998), the qualitative research can be defined as an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem, based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words, reporting detailed views of the informants and conducting in natural setting Statistical tools are not used in such kind of research. It is difficult to draw conclusions from qualitative research because of it is more demonstrating than generalizing. It is in contrast as a large amount of information is collected from small number of units. This type of research mostly addresses the question Why and describes the phenomena. This type of research cannot and should not be transformed in the forms of numeric. The advantage of this research is flexibility. 2.3.3. Difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research: Difference Qualitative Quantitative Underpinning Philosophy Empiricism: The only knowledge that human beings acquire is from sensory experiences (Bernard 1994: 2) Rationalism: That human beings achieve knowledge because of their capacity to reason (Bernard 1994:2) Approach to Inquiry Unstructured Structured Investigation Objective To define variation in an event, situation, issue, etc. To describe an extent of variation in an event situation, issue, etc. Variables Measurement Stressing on the description of variables Stressing on some structures of either measurement or classification of variables. Sample Size Limited Cases Emphasis on greater sample size. Focus of Inquiry Checks multiple problems but accumulate necessary information from fewer respondents. Narrows focus in expression of extent of inquiry, but accumulate necessary information from a greater number of respondents. Main Research Value Validity but does not state to be value-free. Value free in terms of Reliability and objectivity. Main Research Topic Investigate experiences, feelings, perceptions, expressions and meanings. Describes pervasiveness, occurrence, and extent nature of subjects, views and attitude; finds out regularities and prepares theories. Data Analysis Subjects answers, descriptions or study data to identification of themes and illustrates them. Subjects variables to frequency distributions, cross-tabulations or other statistical methods. Communication Organization more descriptive and narrative in nature. Organization more systematic in nature, drawing deductions and conclusions, and testing degree and potency of a relationship. Source: Ranjit K. (2005). 2.4. Researched Method used: The research study will base on two companies from telecommunication sectors that operate in Pakistan. Authors have employed qualitative research in order to analyze the incorporation of CSR because qualitative research aims is to deal with questions which are related to the developing and understanding of the meaning and experience dimensions of humans lives and social worlds. Qualitative research has its roots in social science and is concerned with the understanding and describing the world of human experiences such as their knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and beliefs, opinions, emotions etc (Mack, MacQueen, and Guest Namey). 2.5. Data Collection: The most important and essential part of the study is data collection. Williman (2001) explained that primary data and the secondary data are the main source of data collection. So it is very important for us even in the context of study to achieve its purpose, both and primary and secondary data have been used. 2.5.1. Primary Data: Primary data is information which is gathered first time in order to solve and justify the problem and to complete the study. In order to do primary research, the following prominent techniques have been used: Interviews Questionnaire Introspection The main objective of the primary data is that data collected is exclusively applicable to the particular study. While its main disadvantage is time consumption and less degree of control. 2.5.1a. Qualitative Interviews: Authors have been extensively used this approach in study. In qualitative interviews, discussion often made face to face. This type of interviews is unstructured which shows that interviewers follow the direction of interview takes. The interviewees are free to answer whatever he/she want to do. A positive result can be achieved by the proper training of the interviewers or on the experience and skills. Authors have done this job through email and telephonic interviews. 2.5.1a (i) Questionnaire: It is very effective when the researcher knows the requirement and procedures in order to measures the area of research. This process can be done either conducting by itself or doing it by electronically/post. 2.5.2. Secondary Data: Secondary data is a source of collecting data from literature review, articles, internet, papers and journals. Authors have used books, internet, research contribution, journals and have specific companies information.( Ghauri and Gronhaug 2005) explains the benefits of secondary data. It helps in following ways It helps to answer the research questions. It helps in problem formulation. It helps in selecting the suitable research method. Secondary data can be classified into internal and external data. The data which is provides by company is called internal data while the data which is gathered from literatures, articles, internet etc is known as external data. It is source outside the organization. 2.6. Data collection Method used: In this study, authors have employed qualitative research method. Authors have employed qualitative research in order to analyze the incorporation of CSR in leading telecommunication companies. Qualitative data is mainly including all the aspects of the research problem. External secondary data consisting of the books reviews of the library of university west and also related different articles on the cultural dimension. The other secondary data World Wide Web and Google was also used frequently. The secondary data was very helpful in order to formulate the questions. The internal secondary data is mainly consists of the websites of the organizations. The primary data consists of the interviews, telephonic information and electronic mail. 2.7. Research Criteria: In qualitative research, only a sample this is a subset of a population is chosen for any specified study and it impossible to get the data from everyone in a community in order to accumulate valid findings. The studys research purposes and the characters of the study population such as age, size and diversity decide which and how many people are being selected. In a nonprobability sampling, the researchers have more possibility of selecting some units to study than other units. The use of reliability and validity are common in quantitative research and but it can also be used in the qualitative research paradigm for assessing the findings. In quality analysis, it is certainly interpreting the results as for analyzing the data because it requires constructing codes and categories from the raw data. This means that the understanding aspect of this stage of the research process vary from this stage of quantitative research project where it can be treated for separate analysis and interpretation. 2.7.1. Credibility: In a qualitative study, it is not likely that the results would be the same in any case but the key points and findings should be moderately presented for the recognition of data. The questions force reflection on own interaction and influence with the system which is being searched. The researchers try to make best efforts for convincing the readers that the interpretation or explanation of the results is credible. The Thick Description (Geertz 1973) which arises from the practice of ethnographic research in anthropology and integrates how it is felt for doing research as well as what researchers observed. The objective of thick description is to make able the readers feel that he or she is actually present in the research setting, and possibly even as if he or she is making the research. (Maylor Blackmon) We have made interviewed through emails and telephonic conversation in our own language and later on translated into English. The answers show the results which moderately interpret the data. We believe that it will give positive impact on readers. 2.7.2. Transferability: The transferability of a working hypothesis to different situations depends upon other conditions between original situation and the situation to which it is transferred. The researchers are not able to specify the transferability of findings but they can provide only sufficient information that can be used by the readers to decide whether the findings are applicable to the new situation or not. In a qualitative research, it is considered in the generalization of findings that the results which have been investigated by the researchers have no relevance anywhere else. It is the readers choice what they perceive whether it is useful or not or some are not interested in replying of the results. We have found the results from the original situations. It will be decided by the readers what they think about the results or they are interested or not in replying whether they are applicable or not in the new situation. We believe that the results will provide a true picture of the prevailed situation. Dependability: Dependability shows the reliability, correctness, integrity and describes the availability performance of the findings. In a qualitative work, according to Lincoln and Guba (1985), since there can be no validity without reliability (and thus no credibility without dependability), a demonstration of the former is sufficient to establish the latter. It means dependability in the research process has a significant importance and it can vary over the time. The results show the reliability and correctness of our findings. Our findings are based on interviews and introspections. We have made best efforts make our results reliable and valid according to our research. 2.7.4. Conformability: According to Lincoln and Guba (1985), it is a degree to which the researchers can make an obvious neutrality of the research interpretations through a conformability audit. It is considered that each researcher will bring an exclusive perception to the study. The researchers can document the procedures for inspection and rechecking the data whether it is free from bias or not throughout the study. It mainly concerns that the research should not be influenced by personal and other people influences. Our research interprets the unbiased results. We have asked open questions and defined the answers accurately with good sense. Our research has not influenced any person or any organizations image. It gives a good impression about the research topic to the readers which will not be impacted by it.

Quest for Knowledge in Milton’s Paradise Lost - How Much can Humans Kno

Quest for Knowledge in Milton’s Paradise Lost - How Much can Humans Know? â€Å"There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, / Than are dreamt of in your philosophy† (Shakespeare II.i.166-67). So Hamlet tells Horatio when he marvels at the spectre of the ghost. Hamlet is telling his friend that science and natural philosophy can only account for so much. A point comes when humans cannot rationalize or prove certain events. In Paradise Lost , Raphael tells Adam similar sentiments when Adam questions him on the nature of the universe in Book VIII. However, Raphael goes on to warn Adam not to ponder deeply things that he can never know fully. This type of curiosity and desire for learning only leads to sin. Yet, while Raphael is warning Adam not to think of these things, he himself speculates on the nature of the universe, planting ideas in Adam’s mind he did not have before. These ideas concern the theories of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Galileo, much in dispute in Milton’s time. Though Milton seems to advance the Ptolemaic theory of the universe in Paradise Lost , the debate over which system Milton truly believed in is not the most important aspect of Raphael and Adam’s discussion in Book VIII. Knowledge is the true topic. What and how much can humans know? Knowledge is the cornerstone of Paradise Lost . Adam and Eve must not eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan pinpoints Adam and Eve’s vulnerability in their ignorance of evil. Adam worries that he may seek knowledge that displeases God. Raphael praises Adam’s thirst for knowledge and warns him about obsessively seeking knowledge that is useless. Eve eats the fruit because she wants to know how ... ... the universe spends so much time circling the earth. 3 In Book VIII of Paradise Lost, Raphael discusses the source of the moon’s light (140-58). 4 â€Å"And now / [Adam] led on, yet sinless, with desire to know† (Paradise Lost VII.60-01). Works Cited Hughes, Merritt ed. John Milton: Complete Pomes and Major Prose. New York: Macmillan, 1957. Marjara, Harinder Singh. Contemplation of Created Things: Science in "Paradise Lost". Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992. Milton, John. Paradise Lost ed. Alastair Fowler, Second Edition. London: Longman, 1998. Nicolson, Majorie Hope. A Reader's Guide to John Milton. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1998. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1992. Williamson, George. ed. Milton: Formal Essays and Critical Asides. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve Univ. Press, 1970.

Sesame Street’s Big Bird and Shakespeare’s Caliban :: Tempest essays

Sesame Street’s Big Bird and Shakespeare’s Caliban â€Å"Caliban...takes shape beneath the arc of wonder that moves throughout the play between â€Å"creatures† and â€Å"mankind,† between animate beings in general and their realization in the form of humanity. Is he man or fish? creature or person?" (Lupton, 3). â€Å"Although in The Tempest the word creature appears nowhere in conjunction with Caliban himself, his character is everywhere hedged in and held up by the politic-theological category of the creaturely" (Lupton, 3). "A freckled whelp, hag-born " (1.2.285). "Legged like a man, and his fins like arms! " (2.2.31-32). "I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy-headed monster" (2.2.146-147). "A howling monster, a drunken monster" (2.2.179). "This is as strange thing as e’er I looked on" (5.1.292-293). "He is as disproportioned in his manners /As in his shape" (5.1.294-295). He is a poetic paradigm. When performed properly, he can take an audience from tears of laughter to tears of sorrow within a few paragraphs. Caliban is an actor’s dream, a scholar’s vision. Sighted as being both the missing link, but also portrayed in adaptations as more human than Prospero, Caliban is commentary, character and caricature. However, there is a question that plagues authors, directors, actors, and stressed out, indignant English professors: What is Caliban? Many books, articles, updates, adaptations, and arguments tackle this question. Together we will confront these demons, I will lead you down a path, present arguments, ideas, my own bias, but in the end leave you to answer the daunting question of Shakespeare’s man-monster: Four pictures taken from different productions and different collections of The Tempest illustrate how diverse Caliban is. Each one has a unique view of who or, more precisely, what Caliban is. They progress in an order, from pure beast, through something less to someone almost resembling a man. The pictures lead us on a progression from something entirely bestial to something else entirely. The first image demonstrates the best description of Caliban, a creature that slightly resembles a man and slightly does not. Throughout Shakespeare's text, no character refers to Caliban as a man. The other characters describe him as the indescribable. As Alonso says, "This is a strange thing as e'er I / looked on (5.1.292-293)." One of the most common terms used in The Tempest to acknowledge Caliban is moon-calf. The Oxford English Dictionary defines moon-calf as "A misshapen birth, a monstrosity.

Critique of The Darling Essay -- essays research papers

For centuries, women have turned and have entrusted in men for advice to fulfill their lives with romance. Some women, even though they had difficulty establishing a satisfactory bond with their spouse, still had a tendency to have a dependency on the male spouse for identity. For a woman to become a "wife" was a defining role in women's lives back then, especially within the eastern European cultures. Sadly, marriage is not always shown to be flowery and romantic as expected. Although Anton Chekov portrays his protagonist character Olga as kind hearted and attractive and favored, she often longs for â€Å"love† from the male gender, and serves as the embodiment of female disempowerment. From Olga’s perspective as the story is told, â€Å"she cannot exist without being love† (Literature and its Writers, 109) and her life only takes on a meaning through a relationship to the men she attaches herself to. In this story â€Å"The Darling,† Olga explores and molds herself into many personalities and interests of the men in her life. For instance, After her father’s death, Olga is left with only material wealth, and again there is an absence of â€Å"love,† that Olga wants. So, Olga first marries a theater owner-Kukin. When married to him, she thinks and speaks only of the theater and â€Å"repeating Kukin’s words to the actors and theater† (Literature and its Writers, 110) also saying â€Å"theater is the most important thing in life.† Her parroting of her husband’s wo...

Hemingway’s Use of Code Hero in The Old Man and the Sea Essay

Hero is a simple-sounding two-syllable word, which many people freely use to name and describe others. But, how many people really know what a hero is? One of the most know codes for defining a hero would be Ernest Hemingway’s code, which can be seen in his novels. â€Å"The code hero is a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.† (CodeHeroDefinition). Ernest Hemingway uses Santiago, the main character in The Old Man and the Sea to symbolize his code hero. In The Old Man and the Sea, Santiago lives his life with honor, not only for others but for himself as well. Even though he is unable to provide for himself as a fisherman, due to the fact that he has gone without catching a fish in over two months, he keeps his head high throughout what he does. Santiago is very humble with his fishing career when talking with others, for example Manolin. â€Å"‘And the best fisherman is you.’ ‘No. I know others better.'† (Hemingway 23). In reality, he was a great fisherman, which is one reason why he caught the giant marlin. Like any great hunter, Santiago honors and praises the great fish by saying to it, â€Å"I love you and respect you very much† (Hemingway 54). He is able to show dignity throughout his hunt, knowing that he must be thankful for what he is given. Santiago has a great deal of endurance. Despite knowing that he hasn’t caught any fish in 84 days, he continues to go out in his boat every morning, never with a negative attitude. His persistent actions show his ability to go on every day even when the odds were against him. After catching the marlin and being out so far for almost two days, Santiago is extremely tired, but he won’t give up to the fish, or go to sleep. â€Å"He felt very tired now and he knew the night would come soon† (Hemingway 67). Even though he could have slept, he mostly stayed awake with the fish, and kept all of his courage so that he would be able to get home with the great marlin. His courage showed when he had to stay in the ocean alone for three days with little protection, and his small food supply. He could have turned back to shore safely at any time, but he didn’t. Santiago faced possible death at any  moment, but his courage allowed him to continue on his journey. When the sharks attack the carcass, he does everything in his power to fight them off when it’s obviously a battle lost from the start, but he gives it his all. After loosing his harpoon when fighting with the sharks, he still continues to go on and make a new weapon (out of the few materials on his boat, for example an oar and his knife) and uses all of the energy he has left in him to protect the fish. Through the novels Hemingway has written, like The Old Man and the Sea, his famous code hero can be seen with detailing evidence. Santiago is the symbol of Hemingway’s code, and it can be proven by the ways he lives his life, from his honor, to his endurance and courage. â€Å"Life is filled with misfortunes, and a code hero is know by how he endures those misfortunes† (CodeHeroDefinition), and Santiago is able to do just that in his life. He can turn a situation around so that it works for his benefit, but still while doing so he looses some, whether it be his physical strength, or his fishing reputation with the other fishermen. Santiago is a perfect example of what a Hemingway code hero really and truly is. Works Cited â€Å"CodeHeroDefinition.† 21 April 2003. http://www.siprep.org/english/totah/CodeHeroDefinition.html. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Scribner Paperback Fiction, 1980. 23, 54, 67.

Sensory Perceptions

They will also hear words, and sounds and will not understand or know what the sounds may be. But not until they are taught they will not know or understand how important these senses will be in life and how these senses will affect them and their learning experiences. Now as we grow into adults our senses will have become interwoven with the way we think and use our minds. When we read a book or even read a recipe to cook we are using eyes as tool. When we listen to music, hear the bird's chirp, our children laughing we are using another sense which Is our ears to sites to these wonderful sounds that we enjoy.Our ears also hear sounds that we do not want to hear as well. We have to think when we are using our hands to fix a car, play a guitar. We are even thinking and using some of our senses when we have decided to jump out of an airplane for no good reason at all. But no matter what we may be doing we use our senses for some reason or another. Now it is true that â€Å"there Is n othing in our mind unless it is first senses†. (Aquinas, 2007, peg. 53) Why Is this? In order for our senses to work properly our brain Is Involved with our senses ether the Information for our senses to work. Hen we read we are using our eyes to gather the information and it is being put into our minds for reference. We all count on all of our senses to be accurate, and there certain factors that do influence the accuracy of this information that is received by a person's senses and how it affects their perception of the world. On the other hand there are weaknesses to the amount of knowledge our senses can give. The best way to look at all this our brain Is almost Like a computer, It will only be effective If our brain Is able to process the information correctly and there are no conflicts.Accuracy is defined as the degree of agreement between the sensory information and the environment and the feedback required to determine the accuracy of the senses. What has been done and used as a sensory exercise is that several people are asked to do a blind fold test, they are then given objects and have to determine what they are by only touching and smelling. Each one Is from a different able to distinguish what the object is by feel. But you have a manager who is given the same object; he or she may not be able to distinguish what the object is.Why is this? It is because they do not work with bricks, this is not their trade. They have to think and guess and what the object maybe, if they have never worked with bricks they will not be able to distinguish the object, but on the other hand they will if they have had a background then they will be able to identify the object. Now our senses do have what you call check and balances in place. For example what you may be feeling when you touch the object it may be negated or influence if you smell the object.The sense of sight is very important, because we depend on this to confirm what e see is real or not real, to distinguished between colors, such as white vs.. Black. Take a person who has been blind all his or her life. They first have learned to use their other senses and they are more keen then others who can see. A blind person knows his or her limitation and is equipped to act more wisely in certain situations. But then you take the person who use to see, but became blind because of an accident, or disease, they keep pretending that they can see and can do things they use to, but because of the blindness they are not able to.But without being able to e we could get run over by a car, trip over hazard objects that could cause us to get hurt. Hearing is another sense that is very important for human survival such as hearing Look out! A rock is about to fall on your head! † to hearing music that we like, to hearing an emergency vehicle coming your way and you need to pull over, to hear the words I love you from your child, But as one knows a person hearing deteriorates through age, so one has to have the aid of a hearing aid to help with the hearing.Then you have the people who have gone deaf or were born deaf and they have to alkali with their hands by learning and using sign language to speak. Touch is very important because one must be able to feel pain, feel if they are being burn, to protect one from dangers. But touch is important to feel a hug, someone holding your hand, touch on your face, this is how once learns. This is also how a blind person describes a person as well. People use the sense of touch such has having diabetes. Identify and describe at least three (3) factors contributing to the accuracy of sensory data.Source of data and cognitive ability: â€Å"To obtain accurate sensory ATA, the source of data must be received through the senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch acutely sensitive to act like lenses, amplifiers, particle detectors and pressure and gauges to feed the brain to produce accurate sensory perception of the data obtained. † Reliability of facts observed: â€Å"The reception of solid sensory data through the accurate observations would provide facts and data that is vital for sensing -thinking connection or accurate sensory perception. The brain and interpretation of data received: â€Å"Cognitive Ability to analyze sensory data is based on lethal brain. The power of the senses is manifested when information is received in the brain. Inaccurate data sent to the brain will be interpreted falsely. On the other hand, an unhealthy brain will affect the accuracy of messages sent by the senses. Hence, accuracy of sensory data is based on data received and perceived through the senses and the cognitive interpretation of the information. (Papers/ Sensory-perceptions) Our senses have a lot due with our brain and our learning. That his or her senses are not perfect than they can try to take steps to improve on he accuracy and look at the changes that need to be made to adapt to the situation. Discuss t he roles of â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† with regard to the interpretation and evaluation of sensory data. Nature and Nurture can be traced back to the 13th century known as a catch- phrase for the roles of heredity and environment in human development.For many centuries some scientist from then and even still today believes that when a person behaves or acts a certain way it is genetic which is known as â€Å"the nature theory of human behavior. But on the other hand you have some scientists who believe that cause the way one behaves or thinks that this is a taught and obtained overtime which is known as â€Å"This is known as the â€Å"nurture† theory of human behavior. Scientist are right, but scientist should be asking what information is one born with and if they have this information, is it through nurture or nature.Where the proof lies is where a child already has a lot of knowledge at a very early age before he or she starts school such as playing the piano and reading, and this many lend some credence to the idea that we are actually born with some information already, it Just as to be brought out and used, and it depends how the child learns. In conclusion no matter how one make look at sensory perception they have to know it can be very deceiving as well.

Leadership Career Management And Personal Development Education Essay

Personal effectivity ( Parker & A ; Stone, 2003 ) means the ways of self-development aiming to better 1s personal, societal and other contexts of calling. This study has made for sketching the chief factors of brooding pattern and its consequence on uninterrupted personal development. This thought may assist anyone to happen out his or her strengths and failings of daily life ; it may assist to categorise one ‘s personality and can assist to pull off many environmental factors. Improvement of behavioral competences ( accomplishments ) ensures personal effectivity. Persons ( Parker & A ; Stone, 2003 ) with the accomplishments of good apprehension, effectual communicating and accurate hearing and leading quality can easy do difference by taking them towards success. For developing self-understanding, it is compulsory to concentrate on personal individuality. Knowing thyself helps to place major strengths and failings that will take anyone to take the right determination for their hereafter. Beliefs and values help to develop personal foundation. Positive beliefs will assist persons to take the right determinations for their hereafter and negative believes will take them towards confusion. Harmonizing to Robbins ( 1986 ) , to organize persons ‘ personalities, foundation beliefs and values play an of import function. Furthermore, harmonizing to some theoreticians, one of the most of import and powerful beginnings is the belief and this powerful beginning can be influenced by some factors like instruction, faith, imposts and civilization. It has besides influenced by person ‘s experiences. There are two types of beliefs and these are positive and negative. Behaviour and public presentation can be influenced by these beliefs. Performance can be severely affected by negative beliefs and the antonym can be done by positive beliefs. The positive beliefs aid to increase assurance. In a survey, Kolb cited by Burt ( 1995 ) mentioned that past experiences can assist to organize the hereafter program and besides can assist to better persons. For personal development I do n't analyze merely the successes but largely analyse the failures more and it helps me to pull off my effectivity. David Kolb explained a learning rhythm with four related factors which is really effectual in experimental acquisition. Harmonizing to Kolb, proper analysis and use of past experiences helps to make on personal effectivity. Lack of success can assist to increase experiences. These experiences can play an of import function of be aftering for the following state of affairs and besides aid to better the person. David A. Kolb with Roger Fry ( Mintzberg, 1977 ) emphasizes effectual communicating, which can incarnate cognition and accomplishments and is helpful for self-development. Team spirit and higher public presentation are encouraged by good communications. Facts, emotions and demands are the cardinal elements of communicating. The encephalons logic and sentiments are the basic of facts. The non-logical and non-rational activities are emotions. Fundamental development demands are logical. Assorted types of communications help anybody to better personal development. To better personal development verbal, non-verbal and the written communications play of import function. Tone of voice and organic structure linguistic communication besides listening are the chief characteristics of active communicating and effectual for personal development. By following Kolb ‘s experimental acquisition, commanding emotions is the cardinal factors for me to take the right determinations at right times . In my sentiment and experiences, theories do non precisely supply a solution for every contingency. To use any theory I think fast on my pess. Theory gives me the footing of understanding techniques to use this to pattern more expeditiously. Past experiences and achieved accomplishments assist me to foreground farther countries for preparation and development. King and Kitchener ( 1987 ) province that, ‘the brooding model theoretical accounts aid anybody to better some accomplishments, helps to believe for future activities, helps anybody in fast and busy state of affairss ; contemplation helps larning new things accurately, helps to organize new constructs and assist to recognize new thoughts ‘ . At the really beginning of this study I thought that it was really complicated but after sometimes I knew that it was a affair of believing. Alternatively of basking the study I became resentful because its meddlesomeness. Schon ( 1987 ) emphasizes on betterment of professional cognition. The ‘reflection in action ‘ and the ‘the contemplation on action ‘ are the contemplations of Schon. Harmonizing to King and Kitchener contemplation has developed my cognitive ability and for this ground I have learnt more about contemplation and about myself. I besides think that everybody should use the experiences drawn during contemplation Gibbs ( 1988 ) represented a brooding theoretical account which deals with the straightforward affair and it besides expresses the state of affairs clearly. This theoretical account is related to feelings analysis and experiences rating. Johns ( Platzer et. al. , 1997 ) represented a structured contemplation theoretical account. This structured contemplation theoretical account of acquisition can be used to understand the analysis of critical incident. It is by and large used in more complex affairs of determination Reflective ( Robert, 1974 ) pattern helps me to larn self-development and it besides helps me to develop my communicating accomplishments in many ways which is really critical for my individuality. The personal individuality and realistic communicating system assist me to take any organisation in any environment. Brooding pattern helps to organize leading, which influences the ideas and behaviors of assorted people. The place of the leader may be formal or informal. Brooding patterns help to reexamine, program, proctors and to measure the advancement of persons. I am now able to supply some techniques which can assist anybody in some plans. For the uninterrupted personal development I can take some stairss, like: Bettering a monolithic and logical vision. Form an active and acute direction squad and take the squad with the aid of achieved experient and accomplishments. Leading any organisation or any squad accurately and harmonizing to squad direction regulations. I can develop the verbal and body linguistic communication accomplishments which may impact communications positively. I can supply constructive feedback for pull offing people and besides can assist to pull off single ‘s personalities. I can assist to develop interfacing accomplishments across any concern organisation and besides can assist to take assorted obstructions for the peculiar squad. I may accept unfavorable judgment, supply feedback and can take any positive input from learned persons. Using the Gibbs theoretical account I can go really clear about any state of affairss and can take farther stairss for improvement. From John ‘s theoretical account I have learnt how to critically analyse any affair.Portfolio.2My disbursement clip in the pupil concern conference was excessively effectual that it has made great impact on my accomplishments and larning new things. This first professional betterment conference was an unwritten presentation in forepart of all of our pupils. The presentation in forepart of our pupils was an exciting affair for the first clip and taking portion in this conference I found that it was direct and really related and consecutive to the point. Participating in the conference and showing my work in the personal and professional development seminar my assurance improved a batch to show my plants to others and larn many things new like how body linguistic communication helps to show emotions and thoughts what I could non thought earlier. At first clip I could non understand many systems related to conference and thought that it was merely exercising which may open the appeal of the participant and we knew better every one from the conference. One of the presenters emphasizes on the presentation manner and about the demands of presentation which was rather hard affairs. The presenter showed how to show the study, what is the basic construction of the study and besides showed the attitudes related to presentation. From this seminar cubic decimeter learnt presentation manners and formats easy which are much needed in the professional life particularly in the concern sector to depict new merchandises and publicities. None the less I think that it is a good manner to pass on through to other pupils and lectures if it were used by other pupils. Roll uping information has been indispensable to the class all the work that I have presented even the study that I ‘m composing now. The conference is a great manner of meeting for me with the professionals. From the pupil concern conference I have learnt the procedure of informations aggregation and besides the manner of informations presentation which was presented by some professionals. I learnt from the seminar that garnering information from assorted beginnings and use it in exact sector is a critical affair for any professionals. After achieving the conference I have changed my working manner in any class study and seeking to follow the professional manners. Now I am doing the notes of any of import information related to my class work to use it for the current and future mentions. Now I am utilizing direct and clear informations presentation sy stem. I have non faced any major jobs during my acquisition in the conference. I felt that I was able plenty to get the better of any unexpected state of affairss and I could larn in faster manner. In the seminar some subjects related to creativeness and communications were discussed which was irrelevant to our class. If I expanse this subject it can be easy observed that I have improved some of my presentation accomplishments and this advancement happened because of the effectual conferences. This conference is a great chance for me to larn new and necessary things. From this conference I learnt how to pull audiences by assorted speaking and utilizing proper organic structure linguistic communication, how to undertake audiences inquiries etc. For the hereafter I am be aftering to make my work in the more organized ways which will salvage my clip and will assist me in my professional life. After the conference I am seeking to better my presentation accomplishments and manners. Following the instructions of the erudite presenter I am making better in this sector twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Now a twenty-four hours I do n't hotfoot any of my professional activities. Because of the contemplation it can develop the grad which I am acquiring. Now I am satisfied with the activities those I have performed until now.Portfolio.3By ( Weber, 1947 ) the choice leading people may act upon really easy and this quality may command many hard things in many unexpected state of affairss. This leading may be designated from dependable authorization or can be dependent on owns ability. The Greenwich MBA plan helps to better the leading in many effectual ways in some practical sectors. This system holds some indispensable elements. As a good professional it is really indispensable to be cognizant of assorted format and demands environing them. Detecting the different signifiers of leading and besides its utility and bad consequence professional should develop the failing points. The class Leadership taught me how to work in a squad as a leader and as a member to accomplish squad aims. Transformational leading is the best manner of leading that I have learnt from this topic. Transformational leader motivated his follower to travel beyond bound. Good leader encourages, listen to followings and tried to acquire involved to the whole procedure and accomplish results. So from now I ever try to pattern these leading accomplishments. Now I ever listen to my squad member ‘s sentiment, doing any determination democratically, resolve any job with unfastened treatment. I have learned some utile concern tools like SWOT, FIVE FORCES, PESTLE from scheme and transmutation class that will assist me to understand the external and internal environment that are related to concern. In add-on how should I use chances by utilizing my strength? Besides prevent any approaching menace through extinguishing my failing. It will assist me to understand the state of affairs and take the determination about right clip and topographic point. I have learnt scheme to take the concern make profitable and to avoid losingss. So, I will detect both the internal and external environment related to my company and will seek to better it ; I will contrive some newer schemes to pull the of import stakeholders of my company. As money is the chief factor for any concern and utilizing the fiscal direction cognition, I have learned how to take investing determination, how to pull off financess, more over importance of liquidness. Pull offing hazard throughout the undertaking, cost volume net income analysis helped me to take determination which one will be profitable for me. Besides assist me to do a fiscal planning for organisation, now I will see the gross growing with attention ; I will take stairss to maintain the monetary value of the merchandise sensible ; I will do a good relation with quality and cost ; I will pay attending on a specific concern country ; I will take the best measure against the chief rivals Besides Human resource direction helped to larn enrolling procedure, behavior preparation and development that employer required for their organisation. It taught me to larn conflict declaration between squads and single. For new staffs choice I will seek to avoid enlisting bureaus. For the feasibleness and significant part of clients I will contrive a strategic architecture for my company. For the company ‘s improvement I will seek to rewrite the policies and regulations of my company, I will contrive the newer competitory infinite ; For better chances I will implement unfastened ended and dateless testing system. I will seek to abandon disused thoughts for my company. To do my company successful I will non merely add value but will reinvent it. I will construct a good relation among providers, clients, concern spouses and stakeholders of my company that I have learned from my concern context and international concern environment. More over utilizing Information direction scheme in my concern I will be able to makes its sole, efficient, and cost-efficient.Mentions:Burt, C. ( 1995 ) . The grounds for the construct of intelligence, British Journal of Educational psychological science. 25 ( 2 ) . In: Broadfield, A. et Al. ( 1998 ) . Organizational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. 1st erectile dysfunction. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, pp.158-77. Gibbs, G. ( 1988 ) . Learning by making: A usher to instruction and larning methods. Oxford, England: Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic. Mintzberg, H. ( 1977 ) . ‘The director ‘s occupation: folklore and fact ‘ , Harvard Business Review, vol.55, no.4, July- August, pp. 49-61. In: Buchanan, D, and Huczynski, A. ( 200 ) . Organizational Behavior: An introductory Text. 5th erectile dysfunction. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, pp.494. King, P. , and Kitchener, K.S. ( 1994 ) . Developing brooding opinion: apprehension and advancing rational growing and critical thought in striplings and grownups. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Parker, S. , & A ; Stone, B. ( 2003 ) . Developing Management Skills for Leadership. 2nd erectile dysfunction. published UK, Prentice Hall. pp.32-39. Platzer, H. , et Al. ( 1997 ) Promoting brooding practicians in nursing: a reappraisal of theoretical theoretical accounts and research into the usage of journals and diaries to ease contemplation, Teaching in Higher Education, Vol.2, No.2, pp. 103-121. Robert, K. ( 1974 ) . Skills of an Effective Administrator, Harvard Business Review, September-October, pp. 90-101. Robbins, A. ( 1986 ) . Unlimited Power, published in UK, Simon & A ; Schuster. 2nd erectile dysfunction. pp. 231-232. Schon, D. ( 1987 ) . Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. pp. 57-62. Weber, M. ( 1947 ) . The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. and ed. A.M. Henderson and T. Parsons, Oxford University Press: Oxford. In: Buchanan, D, and Huczynski, A. ( 2004 ) . Organizational Behavior: An introductory Text. 5th erectile dysfunction. Harlow England: Pearson Education Limited, pp.770.